Metal organic frameworks, their synthesis and use

ABSTRACT

A novel metal organic framework, EMM-39, is described having the structure of UiO-66 and comprising bisphosphonate linking ligands. EMM-39 has acid activity and is useful as a catalyst in olefin isomerization. Also disclosed is a process of making metal organic frameworks, such as EMM-39, by heterogeneous ligand exchange, in which linking ligands having a first bonding functionality in a host metal organic framework are exchanged with linking ligands having a second different bonding functionality in the framework.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/610,590 filed Dec. 27, 2017 and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/501,154 filed May 4, 2017, both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to metal organic frameworks (MOFs), to a particular novel MOF, designated herein as EMM-39, and to the synthesis of MOFs and their use, particularly in catalytic applications.

BACKGROUND

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a relatively new class of porous materials that are comprised of metal ion/oxide secondary building units (SBUs) interconnected by organic linking ligands. MOFs are characterized by low densities, high internal surface areas, and uniformly sized pores and channels. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,653,292 describes Zr MOFs having a surface area of at least 1020 m²/g or, if functionalized, having a surface area of at least 500 m²/g. As a result of these advantageous properties, MOFs have been investigated extensively for applications in gas separation and storage, sensing, catalysts, drug delivery, and waste remediation. The wide array of potential applications for MOFs stem from the nearly infinite combination of organic ligands and secondary building units available. Regardless of this diversity, many materials have been left undiscovered due to limitations in the synthetic protocols typically employed for MOF synthesis. The relatively high temperatures and long crystallization times employed to synthesize metal-organic frameworks preclude the incorporation of sensitive moieties. Furthermore, the multiple conformations possible between the ligand and metal SBUs make predicting and directing structure challenging.

Recently a novel method of accessing new MOF materials from a starting host framework has been realized through the use of post-synthetic linker and ion exchange. This method, referred to in the literature as Solvent Assisted Ligand Exchange (SALE) or Post-Synthetic Exchange (PSE), is discussed by, for example, Karagiaridi, O.; Bury, W.; Mondloch, J. E.; Hupp, J. T.; Farha, O. K. in “Solvent-Assisted Linker Exchange: An Alternative to the De Novo Synthesis of Unattainable Metal-Organic Frameworks”, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 4530-4540. This technique has allowed for the development of novel materials which have thus far eluded researchers.

One example of the SALE process is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,920,541 using a species of MOF known as a zeolitic imidazolate framework or ZIF, as the host framework. In particular, the '541 patent discloses a method for exchanging the imidazolate linker in a zeolitic imidazolate framework composition, said method comprising the steps of: (a) providing a first zeolitic imidazolate framework composition having a tetrahedral framework comprising a general structure, M¹-IM^(a)-M², wherein M¹ and M² comprise the same or different metal cations, and wherein IM^(a) is an imidazolate or a substituted imidazolate linking moiety; (b) providing a liquid composition comprising IM^(b), wherein IM^(b) is an imidazolate or a substituted imidazolate which is different from IM^(a); and (c) contacting the first zeolitic imidazolate framework composition with the liquid composition under conditions sufficient to exchange at least a portion of IM^(a) with at least a portion of IM^(b) and to produce a second zeolitic imidazolate framework composition, M¹-IM^(c)-M², wherein IM^(c) comprises IM^(b), and wherein the framework type of the second zeolitic imidazolate framework composition is different from the framework type obtained when a zeolitic imidazolate framework composition is prepared by crystallizing a liquid reaction mixture comprising a solution of M¹, M² and IM^(b). One notable result of this work was the complete exchange of 2-methylimidazole (mim) in ZIF-8 for 5-azabenzimidazole (5-abim) to isolate a novel ZIF framework, EMM-19, composed of 5-abim linkers connected to zinc tetrahedra in a sodalite (SOD) topology. This particular structure had been hypothesized to be unobtainable due to the propensity of azabenzimidazole linkers to form ZIFs with LTA-type topologies. This discovery allowed for the development of materials with highly desirable CO₂ adsorption characteristics not observed in the nearly identical ZIF-7.

Another type of relevant post-synthetic transformation is Solvent Assisted Ligand Incorporation (SALI), in which functional moieties are grafted onto the ligands and/or secondary building units of MOFs. For example, Hupp and coworkers demonstrated that the treatment of the Zr-based framework, NU-1000, results in the dehydration and grafting of pendant carboxylate and phosphonate moieties onto the secondary building unit (See MOF Functionalization via Solvent-Assisted Ligand Incorporation: Phosphonates vs Carboxylates. Inorg. Chem. 2015, 54, 2185-2192 and Perfluoroalkane Functionalization of NU-1000 via Solvent-Assisted Ligand Incorporation: Synthesis and CO₂ Adsorption Studies. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 16801-16804. Interestingly, this transformation occurs without loss of crystallinity of the parent material and serves to tune the adsorption properties of the resulting material.

Despite these advances, there remains a need for new methods of post-synthesis modification of MOF structures and particularly for those methods which allow the production of ligand/SBU combinations that are difficult or impossible to access by conventional MOF synthesis routes.

SUMMARY

According to the present disclosure, it has now been found that linker exchange can be used with a MOF comprising a first organic linking ligand having a first bonding functionality to partially or completely replace the first ligand with a second organic linking ligand having a second bonding functionality different from the first binding functionality. In particular, it has been found that an organic linking ligand with monoprotic acid bonding functionality, such as a carboxylate ligand, can be partially or completely replaced with an organic linking ligand having polyprotic acid bonding functionality, such as a phosphonate ligand, to allow incorporation of acidic behavior in a MOF. Based on this technique a new MOF, designated as EMM-39, has been produced by exchange of the benzenedicarboxylic acid linker in UiO-66 with a phenylene bisphosphonic acid linker. EMM-39 is an active catalyst for a variety of organic conversion reactions, including olefin isomerization. The terms “linker” and “ligand” can be used interchangeably herein.

In one aspect, the present disclosure resides in a metal organic framework having the structure of UiO-66 and comprising phenylene bisphosphonic acid linking ligands.

In a further aspect, the present disclosure resides in a metal organic framework comprising octahedral nodes of at least 6 zirconium atoms and at least 6 oxygen atoms partially or fully interconnected by phenylene bisphosphonic acid linking ligands.

In yet a further aspect, the present disclosure resides in a process for exchanging an organic linking ligand in a metal organic framework, the process comprising:

(a) providing a first metal organic framework comprising a three-dimensional microporous crystal framework structure comprising metal-containing secondary building units connected by a first organic linking ligand comprising benzene dicarboxylate acid ligands having a first bonding functionality with the secondary building units,

(b) providing a liquid medium containing an organic compound capable of reacting with the secondary building units to act as a second organic linking ligands having a second bonding functionality with the secondary building units different from the first bonding functionality; and

(c) contacting the first metal organic framework with the liquid medium under conditions effective for the organic compound to react with the secondary building units in the first metal organic framework and exchange at least some of the first organic linking ligands with second organic linking ligands and produce a second metal organic framework.

In some embodiments, the first organic linking ligand is bonded to each secondary building unit through a monoprotic acid group and the second organic linking ligand is bonded to each secondary building unit through a polyprotic acid group.

In another aspect, the present disclosure resides in an organic compound conversion process, such as an olefin isomerization process, comprising contacting an organic compound-containing feed with a catalyst comprising the metal organic framework described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the powder X-ray diffraction patterns of a UiO-66(Hf) starting material and its phosphonate-exchanged products after reaction with 0.2, 0.6, 1.0 and 1.4 mol. equivalents of 1,4-phenylenebisphosphonic acid according to the process of Example 1.

FIG. 2 shows the N₂ gas adsorption curves of a UiO-66(Hf) starting material and its phosphonate-exchanged products after reaction with 0.2, 0.6, 1.0 and 1.4 mol. equivalents of 1,4-phenylenebisphosphonic acid according to the process of Example 1. Inset lists the micropore surface area, external surface area, and micropore volumes

FIG. 3 shows the IR spectra of 1,4-phenylenebisphosphonic acid, UiO-66 and its phosphonate-exchanged products after reaction with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mol. equivalents of 1,4-phenylenebisphosphonic acid according to the process of Example 1.

FIG. 4 shows the powder X-ray diffraction patterns of a UiO-66(Hf) starting material and its phosphonate-exchanged products after reaction with 0.2, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.2 mol. equivalents of tetrafluoro-1,4-phenylenebisphosphonic acid according to the process of Example 1.

FIG. 5 shows the IR spectra of tetrafluoro-1,4-phenylenebisphosphonic acid, UiO-66(Hf) and its phosphonate-exchanged products after reaction with 0.2, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.2 mol. equivalents of tetrafluoro-1,4-phenylenebisphosphonic acid according to the process of Example 1.

FIG. 6 shows the N₂ gas adsorption curves of a UiO-66(Hf) starting material and its phosphonate-exchanged products after reaction with 0.2, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.2 mol. equivalents of tetrafluoro-1,4-phenylenebisphosphonic acid according to the process of Example 1. Inset lists the micropore surface area, external surface area, and micropore volumes

FIG. 7 shows the powder X-ray diffraction patterns of a UiO-66(Zr) starting material and its phosphonate-exchanged products after reaction with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mol. equivalents of 1,4-phenylenebisphosphonic acid according to the process of Example 1

FIG. 8 shows the IR spectra of 1,4-phenylenebisphosphonic acid, UiO-66(Zr) and its phosphonate-exchanged products after reaction with between 0.2 and 2.5 mol. equivalents of 1,4-phenylenebisphosphonic acid according to the process of Example 1.

FIG. 9 shows the N₂ gas adsorption curves of a UiO-66(Zr) starting material and its phosphonate-exchanged products after reaction with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mol. equivalents of 1,4-phenylenebisphosphonic acid according to the process of Example 1. Inset lists the micropore surface area, external surface area, and micropore volumes.

FIG. 10 Shows the powder X-ray diffraction patterns of a UiO-66(Zr) starting material and its phosphonate-exchanged products after reaction with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mol equivalents of perfluoro-1,4-phenylenebisphosphonic acid according to the process of Example 1

FIG. 11 shows the IR spectra of UiO-66(Zr) and its phosphonate-exchanged products after reaction with between 0.2 and 0.8 mol. equivalents of perfluoro-1,4-phenylenebisphosphonic acid according to the process of Example 1.

FIG. 12 shows the evolution of conversion of t-butanol over time for a series of EMM catalysts. EMM-35 catalyst were synthesized with either a 0.4 (low) or 0.8 (high) eq. treatment of F₈-BPBPA. EMM-39 was synthesized using UiO-66(Zr) and a 0.6 eq. treatment with F₄-PBPA.

FIG. 13 shows the selectivity to isobutylene as a function of t-butanol conversion for various EMM catalysts. EMM-39 was synthesized using UiO-66(Zr) and a 0.6 eq. treatment with F₄-PBPA.

FIG. 14 shows the fluorine NMR of the novel organic linker, F₄-PBPA in D₂O.

FIG. 15 shows the ³¹P NMR of F₄-PBPA conducted in D₂O.

FIG. 16 shows the ¹³C NMR of F₄-PBPA in D₂O.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Disclosed herein is a novel metal organic framework, designated EMM-39, which has the structure of UiO-66 and comprises phenylene bisphosphonic acid linking ligands, optionally together with dicarboxylate linking ligands, and its use as a catalyst. Also disclosed is a process for producing metal organic frameworks, such as EMM-39, by heterogeneous ligand exchange. In this process, first organic linking ligands interconnecting secondary building units (SBUs) in a host metal organic framework through a first bonding functionality are partially or completely replaced by second organic linking ligands which bond to the SBUs through a second, different functionality.

UiO-66 is a metal organic framework composed of Zr₆O₄(OH)₄ octahedra twelve-fold bonded to adjacent octahedra by 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate ligands. UiO-66 is reported to have an X-ray diffraction pattern which includes the characteristic lines listed in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1 Interplanar d-Spacing Relative Intensity (Å) Two-theta (100 × I/Io) 11.9879 7.368 100 10.3879 8.505 27.8 7.3361 12.054 9.4 6.2609 14.134 2.4 5.9979 14.758 0.9 5.1861 17.083 3.9 4.7557 18.643 3.9 4.6387 19.117 3.6 4.235 20.959 1.8 3.9906 22.259 4.2 3.6645 24.269 1.3 3.5031 25.405 6 3.457 25.75 15 3.1632 28.189 1.9

EMM-39 is a metal organic framework having the same SBUs as UiO-66, namely Zr₆O₄(OH)₄ octahedra, in which some or all of the 1,4-benzenedicarobxylate ligands joining adjacent octahedra have been exchanged by 1,4-phenylenebisphosphonate linking ligands. EMM-39 is isostructural with UiO-66 and so generally has a similar characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern as UiO-66. However, as shown in FIG. 1, at high levels of ligand exchange some crystallinity may be lost resulting in certain lines in the normal X-ray pattern of UiO-66 being diminished in intensity. In some embodiments, therefore, it may be desirable to control the ligand exchange so that no more than 30%, such as no more than 25%, for example no more than 20% of the 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate ligands in the UiO-66 parent material are replaced by 1,4-phenylene ligands. Typically, at least 15% of the 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid ligands in the UiO-66 parent material are replaced by 1,4-phenylenebisphosphonate ligands.

One important difference between EMM-39 and UiO-66 concerns the nature of the bonding functionality of the different ligands. Thus, in UiO-66 the bonding to each Zr₆O₄(OH)₄ octahedron is via a monoprotic carboxylic acid group so that in the final MOF there is little or no remaining acid functionality. In contrast, in EMM-39 the bonding to each Zr₆O₄(OH)₄ octahedron is via a diprotic phosphonic acid group so that the final MOF has acid functionality and, as will be discussed in more detail below, exhibits catalytic activity for organic conversion reactions, such as olefin isomerization. By suitable functionalization on one or more of the phenyl groups of 1,4-phenylenebisphosphonate ligands, such as with electron withdrawing groups, this acidity can be increased, potentially with an increased catalytic activity of the final MOF. Suitable electron withdrawing groups include fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo and nitro groups.

The process used to produce EMM-39 potentially has wide application in MOF synthesis and involves solvent assisted ligand exchange of a host MOF including first organic ligands having a first SBU bonding functionality by reaction in a liquid medium with an organic compound capable of reacting with the SBUs of the host MOF to produce second organic linking ligands having a second bonding functionality with the SBUs different from the first bonding functionality. Of course in the case of EMM-39 synthesis, the host MOF is UiO-66 having Zr₆O₄(OH)₄ octahedra interconnected by linking ligands having two monoprotic carboxylic acid groups and the replacing ligands have two diprotic phosphonic acid groups. However, the process is equally applicable to MOFs having different SBUs, including other metal ion/oxide-containing groups, especially groups comprising at least one tetravalent metal, such as hafnium, titanium, zirconium, and/or cerium. Similarly, the process is applicable to host MOFs containing other organic linking ligands than 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid ligands, including other aromatic or non-aromatic dicarboxylate ligands, as well as ligands whose bonding functionality is not limited to monoprotic acid functionality, including, for example, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks or ZIFs and pyridine-containing frameworks. Further, the process can be used with other exchange ligands than biphosphonate ligands, whether or not having a polyprotic acid bonding functionality, such as sulfonates and boronates.

In the linker exchange process described herein, a first or host metal organic framework (MOF) is provided in which the host MOF comprises a three-dimensional microporous crystal framework structure comprising metal-containing secondary building units connected by first organic linking ligands having a first bonding functionality with the secondary building units. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to remove unreacted species or impurities from the as-synthesized form of host MOF prior to linker exchange. These unreacted species or impurities may be removed by appropriate techniques, e.g., involving washing and drying. For example, the as-synthesized form of the host MOF may be washed with a suitable solvent, such as DMF, followed by solvent exchange with ethanol, acetonitrile, or the like, decanting solvent and drying, for example, under vacuum at about 250° C. Alternatively, a first MOF composition sufficiently (substantially) free of unreacted species or impurities may be purchased from commercial vendor.

In another step of the process, a liquid medium is provided containing an organic linker compound capable of reacting with the secondary building units in the host MOF to produce second organic linking ligands having a second bonding functionality with the secondary building units different from the first bonding functionality. For example, the first bonding functionality may be via a monoprotic acid functionality whereas the second bonding functionality may be via a polyprotic, such as a diprotic, acid functionality. The organic linker compound may be present in the liquid medium, for example, in the form of the protonated form of the linker composition and/or in the form of a salt of the composition.

The liquid medium may comprise a solution of the organic linker compound in a solvent. The solvent may be a polar organic solvent, such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-diethylformamide (DEF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), 1,3-dimethylpropyleneurea (DMPU), a sulfoxide (e.g., dimethylsulfoxide or DMSO), a phosphoramide (e.g., hexamethylphosphoramide), an alcohol (e.g. butanol), acetonitrile (MeCN), triethylamine (TEA), or a combination thereof. Alternatively, though not strictly organic, aqueous solvents such as aqueous ammonia and ethanol mixtures, can be used as solvents for the linker compound(s).

Though polar organic compounds such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) are suggested as solvents herein, it should be understood that a solvent (or solvent system) useful in the methods according to the invention and/or useful in making products according to the invention should at least be able to solvate and/or solubilize the reactants to the extent necessary to allow reaction to occur at a reasonable rate (or over a reasonable reaction time). They can also typically be present in a substantially liquid phase at operating/reaction conditions (and optionally but preferably also at STP).

In certain embodiments, solvents (and/or solvent systems) particularly useful in the invention can additionally or alternately exhibit a relatively high vapor pressure and/or a relatively low boiling point. For instance, in some such embodiments, a relatively high vapor pressure can represent at least 2.5 kPa at about 20° C., for example at least about 3.0 kPa at about 20° C., at least about 3.5 kPa at about 20° C., at least about 4.0 kPa at about 20° C., at least about 4.5 kPa at about 20° C., at least about 5.0 kPa at about 20° C., at least about 5.5 kPa at about 20° C., at least about 6.0 kPa at about 20° C., at least about 6.5 kPa at about 20° C., at least about 7.0 kPa at about 20° C., at least about 7.5 kPa at about 20° C., at least about 8.0 kPa at about 20° C., at least about 8.5 kPa at about 20° C., at least about 9.0 kPa at about 20° C., or at least about 9.5 kPa at about 20° C. Optionally, if an upper boundary on vapor pressure is needed and/or desired, the relatively high vapor pressure can be about 30 kPa or less at about 20° C., e.g., about 25 kPa or less at about 20° C., about 20 kPa or less at about 20° C., about 15 kPa or less at about 20° C., or about 10 kPa or less at about 20° C. Additionally or alternately, in some such embodiments, a relatively low boiling point can represent 99° C. or less, e.g., about 98° C. or less, about 96° C. or less, about 95° C. or less, about 93° C. or less, about 91° C. or less, about 90° C. or less, about 88° C. or less, about 86° C. or less, about 85° C. or less, about 83° C. or less, about 81° C. or less, or about 80° C. or less. Optionally, if a lower boundary on boiling point is needed and/or desired (preferably, the solvent can have a boiling point above ambient temperature, so as to be in a liquid phase), the relatively low boiling point can be at least about 25° C., e.g., at least about 30° C., at least about 35° C., at least about 40° C., at least about 45° C., at least about 50° C., at least about 55° C., at least about 60° C., at least about 65° C., at least about 70° C., at least about 75° C., or at least about 80° C. One such non-limiting example of a solvent system having both a relatively low boiling point and a relatively high vapor pressure includes a mixture of acetonitrile and triethylamine.

In another step of the present process, the host MOF is contacted with the liquid medium comprising organic linker compound. This contact may take place by combining (1) the host MOF, (2) the solvent, and (3) a source of organic linker compound in any order. For example, host MOF and organic linker compound may first be combined, and the solvent may be added to this combination, accomplishing the simultaneous formation of a liquid medium comprising the organic linker compound and contact of this composition with the host MOF. In a convenient embodiment, the source of organic linker compound can first be dissolved in the solvent, and either the resulting solution can be added to the host MOF or the host MOF can be added to the solution.

The amount of organic linking ligand used in the contacting step may be selected so that the molar ratio of the organic linking compound to first organic linking ligand in the host MOF is from 0.01 to 10, e.g., from 0.02 to 5, from 0.03 to 1, from 0.04 to 1, from 0.05 to 0.9, from 0.1 to 0.8, from 0.1 to 0.7, from 0.1 to 0.6, from 0.1 to 0.5, from 0.1 to 0.4. In particular, where less than complete exchange of the first organic linking ligand is desired, the molar ratio of the organic linking compound to first organic linking ligand in the host MOF is advantageously below 1.

The combined mixture of the host MOF with the liquid medium comprising the organic linking compound can be maintained under conditions sufficient to achieve at least partial exchange of the first linking ligand with the second linking ligand and produce the second MOF. The contact may take place for a sufficient time to achieve at least partial exchange, e.g., from at least 1 hour to as much as 10 days, from 1 hour to 7 days, from 1 hour to 5 days, from 1 hour to 3 days, from 2 hours to 10 days, from 2 hours to 7 days, from 2 hours to 5 days, from 2 hours to 3 days, from 4 hours to 10 days, from 4 hours to 7 days, from 4 hours to 5 days, from 4 hours to 3 days, from 8 hours to 10 days, from 8 hours to 7 days, from 8 hours to 5 days, from 8 hours to 3 days, from 12 hours to 10 days, from 12 hours to 7 days, from 12 hours to 5 days, from 12 hours to 3 days, from 18 hours to 10 days, from 18 hours to 7 days, from 18 hours to 5 days, from 18 hours to 3 days, from 24 hours to 10 days, from 24 hours to 7 days, from 24 hours to 5 days, or from 24 hours to 3 days. The temperature of the combined mixture of the host MOF with the liquid medium comprising the organic linking compound may range, for example, from a temperature of about −78° C. (dry-ice bath temperature) to the boiling temperature of the solvent (the normal boiling point of N,N-dimethylformamide is about 153° C. and of dimethylsulfoxide is about 189° C.), from about 0° C. (ice water bath temperature) to at least 10° C. below the boiling temperature of the solvent, or from about 15° C. to at least 15° C. below the boiling temperature of the solvent (or alternately to about 100° C.). When contact takes place in a pressurized vessel, the temperature may exceed the boiling temperature of the solvent. For example, the contact may take place at room temperature or greater, such as from about 18° C. to about 200° C. or from about 75° C. to about 150° C.

After the contacting is complete, the second MOF may be recovered and treated, if necessary or desired (e.g., to remove molecules from the pore space of the second MOF). This treatment may involve techniques for activating the as-synthesized form of a MOF prepared by solvothermal methods, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,314,245 and 8,071,063. For example, the recovered MOF may be washed and then solvent exchanged with acetonitrile and dried. Finally the dried acetonitrile-exchanged product may be placed under vacuum, e.g., less than about 10 mTorr at about 180° C. for about 18 hours, to yield the activated form of the MOF.

Depending on the nature of the second organic linking ligands and, if still partially present, the first organic linking ligands, the resultant activated second MOF may have a variety of uses, such as an adsorbent for gases such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, inert gases, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methane, natural gas, hydrocarbons and amines. In addition, where, as with EMM-39, the second MOF has acid functionality, other potential uses are in organic compound conversion reactions. Thus, in the case of EMM-39, one such catalytic use is in catalytic olefin isomerization, namely in shifting the position of the double bond in a C₃₊ olefin, for example converting 2-methyl-2-pentene to 2-methyl-1-pentene. Such a process can, for example, be conducted by contacting a source of the olefin to be isomerized with EMM-39 at a temperature from about 200° C. to about 400° C., such as from about 250° C. to about 350° C.

The invention can additionally or alternatively include one or more of the following embodiments.

Embodiment 1. A metal organic framework having the structure of UiO-66 and comprising phenylene bisphosphonic acid linking ligands.

Embodiment 2. The metal organic framework of embodiment 1 and comprising a tetrafluorophenylene bisphosphonic acid linking ligand.

Embodiment 3. The metal organic framework of embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein the metal organic framework comprises at least one tetravalent metal.

Embodiment 4. The metal organic framework of embodiment 3, wherein the at least one tetravalent metal is selected from the group consisting of hafnium, titanium, cerium and zirconium.

Embodiment 5. A metal organic framework comprising octahedral nodes of at least 6 zirconium atoms and at least 6 oxygen atoms partially or fully interconnected by phenylene bisphosphonic linking ligands.

Embodiment 6. The metal organic framework of embodiment 5, wherein the phenylene bisphosphonic linking ligand is a tetrafluorophenylene bisphosphonic ligand.

Embodiment 7. The metal organic framework of embodiment 5 or embodiment 6, wherein at least one of the phenyl groups of the phenylene bisphosphonic ligand is substituted with one or more electron withdrawing groups.

Embodiment 8. The metal organic framework of embodiment 5, embodiment 6 or embodiment 7, wherein the metal organic framework comprises at least one tetravalent metal.

Embodiment 9. The metal organic framework of embodiment 8, wherein the at least one tetravalent metal is selected from the group consisting of hafnium, titanium, cerium and zirconium.

Embodiment 10. A process for exchanging an organic linking ligand in a metal organic framework, the process comprising:

-   (a) providing a first metal organic framework comprising a     three-dimensional microporous crystal framework structure comprising     metal-containing secondary building units connected by first organic     linking ligands comprising a benzene dicarboxylate having a first     bonding functionality with the secondary building units, -   (b) providing a liquid medium containing an organic compound capable     of reacting with the secondary building units to produce second     organic linking ligands having a second bonding functionality with     the secondary building units different from the first bonding     functionality; and -   (c) contacting the first metal organic framework with the liquid     medium under conditions effective for the organic compound to react     with the secondary building units in the first metal organic     framework and exchange at least some of the first organic linking     ligands with second organic linking ligands and produce a second     metal organic framework.

Embodiment 11. The process of embodiment 10, wherein the first organic linking ligand is bonded to each secondary building unit through a monoprotic acid group.

Embodiment 12. The process of embodiment 10 or embodiment 11, wherein the second organic linking ligand is bonded to each secondary building unit through a polyprotic acid group.

Embodiment 13. The process of embodiment 10, embodiment 11 or embodiment 12, wherein the second organic linking ligand is bonded to each secondary building unit through a diprotic acid group.

Embodiment 14. The process of embodiment 10, embodiment 11, embodiment 12 or embodiment 13, wherein the second organic linking ligand comprises a phenylene bisphosphonic acid.

Embodiment 15. The process of embodiment 14, wherein the second organic linking ligand comprises tetrafluorophenylene bisphosphonic acid.

Embodiment 16. The process of embodiment 10, embodiment 11, embodiment 12, embodiment 13, embodiment 14 or embodiment 15, wherein the secondary building units comprise at least one tetravalent metal.

Embodiment 17. The process of embodiment 16, wherein the secondary building units comprise at least one metal selected from the group consisting of hafnium, titanium, cerium and zirconium.

Embodiment 18. The process of embodiment 10, embodiment 11, embodiment 12, embodiment 13, embodiment 14, embodiment 15 or embodiment 16, wherein the second metal organic framework is isostructural with the first metal organic framework.

Embodiment 19. The process of embodiments 10 to 18, wherein the first metal organic framework has the structure of UiO-66.

Embodiment 20. An organic compound conversion process comprising contacting an organic compound-containing feed with a catalyst comprising the metal organic framework of embodiments 1 to 9.

Embodiment 21. An olefin isomerization process comprising contacting an olefin-containing feed with a catalyst comprising the metal organic framework of any one of embodiments 1 to 9.

Embodiment 22. An organic compound comprising a perfluorinated aromatic ring bearing two phosphonate groups.

Embodiment 23. The organic compound of embodiment 22, wherein the phosphonate groups are in the 1 and 4 positions.

Embodiment 24. The organic compound of embodiment 22 or embodiment 23, wherein the charge on the phosphonates are balanced by 4 H+.

Embodiment 25. The organic compound of embodiment 23, wherein the charge on the phosphonates are balanced by a monovalent metal cation (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Th+), a proton (H+), an ammonium ion (NR4+), a divalent cation (Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+), or any combination thereof in which the positive charge sums to 4+.

Embodiment 26. The organic compound of embodiment 25, wherein the R group on the ammonium cation can be selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, phenyl or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 27. A method of making the organic compound of embodiment 22, comprising reacting a perfluorinated aromatic ring and an organophosphate.

Embodiment 28. The method of embodiment 27, wherein the perfluorinated aromatic ring is hexfluorobenzene.

Embodiment 29. The method of embodiment 27 or embodiment 28, wherein the organophosphate is tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite.

Embodiment 30. The method of embodiment 28 or embodiment 29, wherein the hexafluorobenzene and tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite are recovered from the reaction and recycled into subsequent reactions.

Embodiment 31. The method of embodiment 30, wherein hexafluorobenzene and tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite are recovered via distillation.

Embodiment 32. The use of the organic compound of any of embodiments 22 to embodiment 26 in a porous material.

Embodiment 33. The use of the organic compound of any of embodiments 22 to embodiment 26 in a metal-organic framework.

Embodiment 34. The use of the organic compound of any of embodiments 22 to embodiment 26 in a covalent organic framework.

Embodiment 35. The reaction of a metal-organic framework with the compound of any of embodiments 22 to embodiment 26 that yields a new material.

The invention will now be more particularly described with reference to the following non-limiting Examples and the accompanying drawings.

The X-ray diffraction data reported in the Examples were collected with a Bruker D8 Endeavor diffraction system with an lynxeye detector, using copper K-alpha radiation. The diffraction data were recorded by step-scanning at 0.02 degrees of two-theta, where theta is the Bragg angle, and using an effective counting time of 2 seconds for each step.

EXAMPLE 1 Exchange reaction of UiO-66(Hf) with phenylene bisphosphonic acid (H4-PBPA) to produce EMM-39(Hf)

250 mg of UiO-66(Hf) was added with 31.2 mg of H₄-PBPA in 10 mL of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 150° C. for 18 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the solids were isolated by centrifugation or filtration. These solids were then stirred in DMSO at 150° C. for 16 hours. The solids then were isolated again, and washed with acetonitrile—via soxhlet extraction for at least 4 hours—to remove DMSO.

FIG. 1 shows the resulting X-ray diffraction pattern.

EXAMPLE 2 Exchange reaction of UiO-66(Hf) with tetrafluorophenylene bisphosphonic acid (F₄-PBPA) to produce EMM-39(Hf)F

250 mg of UiO-66(Hf) was added with 42.5 mg of F₄-PBPA in 10 mL of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The reaction mixture was stirred at 150° C. for 18 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the solids were isolated by centrifugation or filtration. These solids were then stirred in DMSO at 150° C. for 16 hours. The solids then were isolated again, and washed with acetonitrile—via soxhlet extraction for at least 4 hours—to remove DMSO.

Similar to the exchange reaction conducted with H₄-PBPA, the structure of UiO-66(Hf) is minimally affected by the exchange process, especially when treated with <0.8 eq of F₄-PBPA. See FIG. 5.

EXAMPLE 3 Exchange reaction of UiO-66(Zr) with phenylene bisphosphonic acid (H₄-PBPA) to Produce EMM-39(Zr)

190 mg of UiO-66(Zr) was added with 32 mg of H₄-PBPA in 10 mL of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 150° C. for 18 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the solids were isolated by centrifugation or filtration. These solids were then stirred in DMSO at 150° C. for 16 hours. The solids then were isolated again, and washed with acetonitrile—via soxhlet extraction for at least 4 hours—to remove DMSO.

EXAMPLE 4 Exchange reaction of UiO-66(Zr) with phenylene bisphosphonic acid (F₄-PBPA) to produce EMM-39(Zr)F

190 mg of UiO-66(Zr) was added with 42 mg of F₄-PBPA in 10 mL of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 150° C. for 18 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the solids were isolated by centrifugation or filtration. These solids were then stirred in DMSO at 150° C. for 16 hours. The solids then were isolated again, and washed with acetonitrile—via soxhlet extraction for at least 4 hours—to remove DMSO.

EXAMPLE 5 Catalytic testing of materials generated in Examples 1 and 2

A series of tests of the catalytic activity of the UiO-66(Hf) parent material and the EMM-39 produced in Examples 1 and 2 for the isomerization of 2-methyl-2-pentene (2 MP=2) were conducted at temperatures of 250° C. and 350° C. The results are shown in Tables 2, 3 and 4 respectively, where all product composition values are in wt. % and the following abbreviations are used:

-   -   3+4MP=1 designates the total amount of 3-methyl-1-pentene and         4-methyl-1-pentene;     -   4MP=2 designates the total amount of cis- and         trans-4-methyl-2-pentene;     -   2MP=1 designates 2-methyl-1-pentene;     -   3MP=2 designates the total amount of cis- and         trans-3-methyl-2-pentene;     -   23DMB=1 designates 2,3-dimethyl-1-butene;     -   23DMB=2 designates 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene;     -   2EB=1 designates 2-ethyl-1-butene; and     -   t-2H=designates trans 2-hexene, no cis isomer having been         detected.

From Tables 2, 3 and 4, it will be seen that UiO-66(Hf) showed essentially no catalytic activity for the isomerization of 2-methyl-2-pentene, while the phosphonate-exchanged materials EMM-39(Hf) and EMM-39(Hf)F demonstrated moderate isomerization activity as evidenced by the production of 2-methyl-1-pentene.

EXAMPLE 6 Catalytic dehydration testing using EMM-39 produced in Example 4

The EMM-33, EMM-35, and EMM-39 materials were tested for the conversion of t-butanol and toluene mixtures in 2 mL glass batch reactors. For each experiment, 10 mg of the catalyst were added to a 1 g solution containing 5 wt % t-butanol and 95 wt % toluene. A magnetic bar was used to stir the catalyst/feed mixture at 700 rpm, and the temperature of the reactor was set to and controlled at 130±1° C. during the rest of the experiment. Aliquots were then taken over time to build up the corresponding conversion/time plots. Products were identified in the GC by comparison with commercial standards and confirmed using GC-MS spectrometry. Mass balances were closed within 5% error.

FIG. 12 and FIG. 13 show the evolution of t-butanol conversion over time for the various catalysts. The dehydration of the alcohol to the alkene occurs selectively, as evidenced in Figure Y.

EXAMPLE 7 Synthesis of perfluoro-1,4-phenylenebisphosphonic acid

6.4 mL of hexafluorobenzene and 50 mL of Tris(trimethylsilylphosphite) were charged into a 200 mL round bottomed flask and evacuated by repeated vacuum/N₂ cycles. The reaction was then fitted with a reflux condenser and heated to 180° C. for 16 hours. The reflux condenser was replaced with a short-path distillation column and the volatiles removed via vacuum distillation. To the resulting oil, water was added and the system refluxed for 15 minutes. The water was removed and the solid white residue recrystallized from HCl/Water to yield pure F₄-PBPA.

TABLE 2 Isomerization of 2-methyl-2-pentene by UiO-66(Hf) Time/hr Temp. C₁-C₅ 4MP = 1 4MP = 2 2MP = 1 2MP = 2 3MP = 2 23DMB = 1 23DMB = 2 2EB = 1 t-2H = 0.08 250 0.018 0 0 1.758 97.593 0.045 0 0 0 0 1 250 0.071 0 0 3.544 95.488 0.042 0 0 0 0 2 350 0.029 0 0.009 4.636 94.451 0.043 0 0 0 0 3 250 0.043 0 0 1.936 97.115 0.038 0 0 0 0

TABLE 3 Isomerization of 2-methyl-2-pentene by UiO-66(Hf) with H₄-PBPA Time/hr Temp. C₁-C₅ 4MP = 1 4MP = 2 2MP = 1 2MP = 2 3MP = 2 23DMB = 1 23DMB = 2 2EB = 1 t-2H = 0.08 250 0.044 0.510 4.779 25.373 65.765 0.294 0.158 0.471 0.050 0.015 1 250 0.026 0.032 0.550 27.227 70.848 0.063 0.030 0.069 0.006 0.000 2 350 0.053 0.760 4.961 28.826 60.765 0.456 0.268 0.548 0.109 0.040 3 250 0.019 0.028 0.461 27.260 70.982 0.047 0.025 0.051 0.000 0.000

TABLE 4 Isomerization of 2-methyl-2-pentene by UiO-66(Hf) with F₄-PBPA Time/hr Temp. C₁-C₅ 4MP = 1 4MP = 2 2MP = 1 2MP = 2 3MP = 2 23DMB = 1 23DMB = 2 2EB = 1 t-2H = 0.08 250 0.340 2.081 11.300 19.493 49.990 2.909 1.176 2.862 0.600 0.171 1 250 0.043 0.272 2.575 26.328 68.309 0.251 0.145 0.410 0.043 0.012 2 350 0.218 2.577 10.620 21.739 45.715 3.529 1.234 2.405 0.908 0.347 3 250 0.031 0.190 1.940 26.596 69.083 0.206 0.123 0.321 0.035 0.010 

1. A metal organic framework having the structure of UiO-66 and comprising phenylene bisphosphonic acid linking ligands.
 2. The metal organic framework of claim 1, wherein the phenylene bisphosphonic linking ligand is a tetrafluorophenylene bisphosphonic acid linking ligand.
 3. The metal organic framework of claim 1, wherein the metal organic framework comprises at least one tetravalent metal.
 4. The metal organic framework of claim 3, wherein the at least one tetravalent metal is selected from the group consisting of hafnium, titanium, cerium and zirconium.
 5. A metal organic framework comprising octahedral nodes of at least 6 zirconium atoms and at least 6 oxygen atoms partially or fully interconnected by phenylene bisphosphonic linking ligands.
 6. The metal organic framework of claim 5, wherein the phenylene bisphosphonic linking ligand is a tetrafluorophenylene bisphosphonic ligand.
 7. The metal organic framework of claim 6, wherein at least one of the phenyl groups of the phenylene bisphosphonic ligand is substituted with one or more electron withdrawing groups.
 8. The metal organic framework of claim 5, wherein the metal organic framework comprises at least one tetravalent metal.
 9. The metal organic framework of claim 8, wherein the at least one tetravalent metal is selected from the group consisting of hafnium, titanium, cerium and zirconium.
 10. A process for exchanging an organic linking ligand in a metal organic framework, the process comprising: (a) providing a first metal organic framework comprising a three-dimensional microporous crystal framework structure comprising metal-containing secondary building units connected by first organic linking ligands comprising a benzene dicarboxylate having a first bonding functionality with the secondary building units, (b) providing a liquid medium containing an organic compound capable of reacting with the secondary building units to produce second organic linking ligands having a second bonding functionality with the secondary building units different from the first bonding functionality; and (c) contacting the first metal organic framework with the liquid medium under conditions effective for the organic compound to react with the secondary building units in the first metal organic framework and exchange at least some of the first organic linking ligands with second organic linking ligands and produce a second metal organic framework
 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the first organic linking ligand is bonded to each secondary building unit through a monoprotic acid group.
 12. The process of claim 10, wherein the second organic linking ligand is bonded to each secondary building unit through a polyprotic acid group
 13. The process of claim 10, wherein the second organic linking ligand is bonded to each secondary building unit through a diprotic acid group.
 14. The process of claim 10, wherein the second organic linking ligand comprises a phenylene bisphosphonic acid.
 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the second organic linking ligand comprises tetrafluorophenylene bisphosphonic acid.
 16. The process of claim 10, wherein the secondary building units comprise at least one tetravalent metal.
 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the secondary building units comprise at least one metal selected from the group consisting of hafnium, titanium, cerium and zirconium.
 18. The process of claim 10, wherein the second metal organic framework is isostructural with the first metal organic framework.
 19. The process of claim 10, wherein the first metal organic framework has the structure of UiO-66.
 20. An organic compound conversion process comprising contacting an organic compound-containing feed with a catalyst comprising the metal organic framework of claim
 1. 21. An olefin isomerization process comprising contacting an olefin-containing feed with a catalyst comprising the metal organic framework of claim
 1. 22. An organic compound comprising a perfluorinated aromatic ring bearing two phosphonate groups.
 23. The organic compound of claim 22, wherein the phosphonate groups are in the 1 and 4 positions.
 24. The organic compound of claim 23, wherein the charge on the phosphonates are balanced by 4 H+.
 25. The organic compound of claim 23, wherein the charge on the phosphonates are balanced by a monovalent metal cation (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Th+), a proton (H+), an ammonium ion (NR4+), a divalent cation (Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+), or any combination thereof in which the positive charge sums to 4+.
 26. The organic compound of claim 25, wherein the R group on the ammonium cation can be selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, phenyl or any combination thereof.
 27. A method of making the organic compound of claim 22, comprising reacting a perfluorinated aromatic ring and an organophosphate.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the perfluorinated aromatic ring is hexfluorobenzene.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the organophosphate is tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the hexafluorobenzene and tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite are recovered from the reaction and recycled into subsequent reactions.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein hexafluorobenzene and tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite are recovered via distillation.
 32. The use of the organic compound of claim 22 in a porous material.
 33. The use of the organic compound of claim 22 in a metal-organic framework.
 34. The use of the organic compound of claim 22 in a covalent organic framework.
 35. The reaction of a metal-organic framework with the compound of claim 22 that yields a new material. 